
The first GM food crop containing human genes is set to be approved for commercial production.
The laboratory-created rice produces some of the human proteins found in breast milk and saliva.
Its U.S. developers say they could be used to treat children with diarrhoea, a major killer in the Third World.
The rice is a major step in so-called Frankenstein Foods, the first mingling of human-origin genes and those from plants. But the U.S. Department of Agriculture has already signalled it plans to allow commercial cultivation.
The rice's producers, California-based Ventria Bioscience, have been given preliminary approval to grow it on more than 3,000 acres in Kansas. The company plans to harvest the proteins and use them in drinks, desserts, yoghurts and muesli bars.
The news provoked horror among GM critics and consumer groups on both sides of the Atlantic.
Horror or helpful?
Hubris. Wasn't anyone paying attention during Jurassic Park? "If there is one thing the history of evolution has taught us, it's that life will not be contained. Life breaks free. It expands to new territories, it crashes through barriers, painfully, maybe even dangerously, but, uh, well, there it is!....I'm simply saying that, uh, life finds a way."
Watchdog groups and environmentalists fear there is a small chance the proteins genetically engineered into the company's rice could accidentally get incorporated into rice grown for human consumption.
"Our position is that they don't need to put these into food crops," says Doreen Stabinsky, a science adviser for conservationists Greenpeace USA.
"We know that accidents happen. They've happened already," she adds, referring to a 2002 announcement by the USDA and US Food and Drug Administration that genetically modified corn from the ProdiGene company – designed to grow enzymes for medicinal and industrial use – was discovered growing in two soybean plots in the states of Iowa and Nebraska. NewScientist
Help me out here. You think the rice is going to come and life and eat that Newman guy from "Seinfeld"????
That's exactly what I was thinking.
I thought it was pretty well known that Jurassic Park is a cautionary tale about genetic engineering. The usage of dinosaurs as the product of genetic cloning was simply a means to an end. Crichton was more concerned with the morality of science and man's attempts to mess with nature.
Michael Crichton has said in an interview that "Biotechnology and genetic engineering are very powerful. It suggests that [science's] control of nature is elusive. And just as war is too important to leave to the generals, science is too important to leave to scientists. Everyone needs to be attentive."
My point is that seemingly every time they try to grow GM crops outside of a lab it gets loose and contaminates other crops, as in the case of cross-pollination from Starlink corn.
If we eliminate scientists from science, how does anything get done? I am told every day we have to stop driving cars because scientists voted that CO2 was the top thing wrecking the planet. I don't agree with that but the first answer I get is, "you're not a climate scientist." Noooooo, but I know how thermal effects work and that CO2 is not the biggest cause of heat today. Still, if we take scientists out of this debate we are left with ... politicians. Does anyone seriously think politicians will fix the environment?? Likewise with optimizing food for health and production benefits.
I agree that some scientists believe that it is the goal of biologists to break the laws of nature and I am not sure I agree, since some things cannot be unbroken, but as long as the research is academic and not commercialized, it seems to be okay.
This is one of very few scientific areas where people say, 'since don't know the effects, let's not do it' - that's refreshing, since many people want to start making policies and changings ( see any global warming thread ) based on incomplete science.
If we eliminate scientists from science, how does anything get done?
No, that's not the point at all. Scientists certainly have an important voice. But there are issues in science (especially bioengineering) which need to be debated by society, not just the scientific community, to determine whether research is acceptable from a moral and ethical standpoint. Human cloning, for example.
Do you really want to bring global warming into this?
These are both topics where scientists are deified ( global warming and biology ) and their expertise defines government policy so it makes sense to discuss why the debate should be cultural on one of those and deferred to a consensus on the other.
I got no dog in either of those fights but these are the most obvious examples - you were the one saying to leave scientists out of it so I was just asking if you meant generally or just this topic.
Well, I didn't actually say that, I quoted Crichton as saying
"science is too important to leave to scientists. Everyone needs to be attentive".
To me this means to not leave it up to the scientific community alone to make decisions that could have an effect on the future of humanity, but I guess it's open to interpretation.
Gotcha. I quoted Danish embryologist Steen Willadsen above on the 'break the laws of nature' thing so I certainly agree that leaving this to the Frankenstein's of the world - all scientific rigor and no ethical thought - would take us to a weird place.
I just don't know where we draw the line. I am not inclined to leave it up to politicians, activists or scientists yet each of those groups thinks they should have the last word on hot-button topics.
While I'm worried about cross pollination and the effects it could have on the environment, there is no reason to think there is anything unsafe about eating rice with human genes. We already eat animals that share the majority of our genes. Cows, being mammals, share a majority of their genes with us. Chimps share about 98% and mice share 85%, yet people in some cultures eat both of those animals with no discernible ill effects. We even share as much as 40% of our genetic code with some plants! So if you're worried about ingesting some humans genes, you should probably stop eating, well, everything. We share at least some genetic information with everything alive on Earth, since we all descended from a common ancestor.
Besides, how can we call these genes human genes? Only about 1% of our genes make us human, as compared to say a chimp. The rest of our genes have been coding for chimps (well, the chimp like ancestors we share with them) long before any humans hit the scene. Since the chimps were here first, wouldn't it be more proper to say that the rice is being modified with chimp genes? Of course it's possible that the genes the rice is being modified with are of the 1% or so that makes us human, but I think you see my point.
I assume you mean that human saliva and breast milk is basically the same as with lots of other creatures and I agree.
Some of that headline is to sell newspapers, of course, but some of it is because the anti-GM folks are publicizing it by their reaction and newspapers rightfully cover the controversy.
Are they the canaries in the coal mine or zealots who have the notion that 'natural' is magically better without understanding what natural consists of? I have no idea. I got no dog in this fight but that's why I like to discuss it.
Fair enough. I was just hoping to shed some light on genetics issues that a lot of people either don't understand or have never heard of.
Point taken. It's not so much the genetics that bother me, it using a food crop to produce a pharmaceutical. I just tend to distrust these blithe assurances that concerns about safety and contamination were "based on perception, not reality".
The thing is, in 2003, 2 years after it was banned they were still finding that 1% of the corn harvested in the US was Starlink-contaminated. Starlink corn was thought to be safe as well, until they found out some people were allergic to it.
Ah, good point. A crop not eaten by humans as the carrier would probably be better from a safety point of view since we wouldn't care as much about the gene getting out. Although one of the problems with transgenic genes hopping species is that they can hop into any species that's nearby. So the gene could still end up in food crops if they grew transgenic switchgrass or whatever anywhere near farmland. This tendency for genes to hop is largely due to using engineered viruses to insert the genes. There is another technique that is harder/costlier but less prone to gene hopping. And for the life of me I don't know why any company betting their whole future on a transgenic product wouldn't just pony up the extra cash at the front to use it.
Genetically engineered tomatoes which have more folate are going to escape with barely a whisper by activist groups. Why is this not a hot button issue but rice is, just because of some minor DNA aspect?
Boosting folate in tomatoes also increases pteridine, which is in lots of plants but we know jack about it ... so why are some of these enhancements a controversy and some not?
I think the difference is that you're talking about an enhacement to a food crop, but it's still going to be used for food. With the GM rice, the intention is for a private company to appropriate a staple grain crop for a new use entirely, the production of pharmaceuticals for profit.. While they can minimize it, there is nevertheless some risk involved (potential allergies to the proteins produced, for example) to a major food source.
I personally would have less of a problem if they had developed say, GM milkweed.
So GM corn, potatoes, cows, etc. are okay? They all seem to be controversial to activists. Yet, 'genetic modification' has been done for thousands of years.
We don't have big plump tomatoes and purple roses because they started that way.
Good one Cash, most agricultural food sources we have (either plant or animal) have changed a lot over the thousands of years in their service to us. A great example is the banana, or corn.
Well...scientist have given us white mice through 'genetic modification' (selective breeding) but growing a human ear on the back of one is a whole different order of weirdness.
Interesting chimera article. Scientists are such idealists. The author and a few commenters assume that this technology will be but to the most benign use, but I wonder. After all, the apex of pharmacology has given us recreational Viagra. I think it's highly likely that a good portion of market share may go to things like stem-cell induced breast implants.
I think it's highly likely that a good portion of market share may go to things like stem-cell induced breast implants.
ha ha ... well, who am I to complain about science for the benefit of mankind??
Can we make blood flavored rice next?
Cash -- IMO, it is not intellectually honest to compare bioengineering with historical ("thousands of years") genetic modification of plants and animals by cultivating/breeding.
This is a plan to put an animal gene into a plant -- something I doubt Mendel would have imagined (or wanted).
And Jay -- how do you know that these genes (specifically, breast milk) are not "different" genes? And the last I read, the "close" connection man has is with other animal life, not with plant life.
The most commonly prescribed hormone for women is based on pregnant mare urine -- but that estrogen is not bio-identical. For many women, like me, it is not only non-effective but potentially harmful. There is also some research that suggests it could be linked to breast cancer (foreign floaters in the body).
I spent the bulk of my career working in agriculture -- but I think this rule is wrong on many grounds.
Read Beggars & Chooses (trilogy by Nancy Kress). Scientists rarely think about -- much less discuss -- possible unintended consequences of inventions.
Just because we can does not mean we should.
I've said this since attending my first bio-tech conference in, erh, 1998?
Kathy, you make fine points. I am in the significant minority on Newsvine in believing that the general populace should be involved in these kinds of global/cultural discussions. Far too many people here think if a few experts, or even a consensus, says they think something may be okay that it's not necessary to debate it.
The general populace needs to be far more informed before they should be included in such a discussion. Otherwise, we will have the same issue we have with everything else people don't understand - people basing their opinion solely on emotion.
Pharaoh, certainly, but it's a matter of degree. Some people will want to get elitist - "you will need a PhD to understand" - so we have to think about who sets the metric for knowledge. 'Who watches The Watchmen" as it were.
Any science discourse is dictated by emotion. Throughout time people have deferred to opinions they like as having expert knowledge and dismissed the ones they disagree with as being out of touch, the wrong expertise or an irrelevant minority.
We can't change human nature just by changing rice.
Ah, Cash ... most people don't have time to be involved in political decisions in their own backyard.
It'd be great if all states were more like New Hampshire, perhaps, with direct voting in local gov't decisions and an amazing 3000-1 (or something like that) ratio between citizens-representative in the state legislature.
You're in Easy Mode. If you prefer, you can use XHTML Mode instead. |